Use PhysicalArrowCollector for __arrow_c_stream__ on relations

src/duckdb_py/pyrelation.cpp

@@ -992,6 +992,19 @@ py::object DuckDBPyRelation::ToArrowCapsule(const py::object &requested_schema)
 		if (!rel) {
 			return py::none();
 		}
+		// The PyCapsule protocol doesn't allow custom parameters, so we use the same
+		// default batch size as fetch_arrow_table / fetch_record_batch.
+		idx_t batch_size = 1000000;
+		auto &config = ClientConfig::GetConfig(*rel->context->GetContext());
+		ScopedConfigSetting scoped_setting(
+		    config,
+		    [&batch_size](ClientConfig &config) {
+			    config.get_result_collector = [&batch_size](ClientContext &context,
+			                                                PreparedStatementData &data) -> PhysicalOperator & {
+				    return PhysicalArrowCollector::Create(context, data, batch_size);
+			    };
+		    },
+		    [](ClientConfig &config) { config.get_result_collector = nullptr; });
 		ExecuteOrThrow();
 	}
 	AssertResultOpen();
@@ -1003,7 +1016,8 @@ py::object DuckDBPyRelation::ToArrowCapsule(const py::object &requested_schema)
 PolarsDataFrame DuckDBPyRelation::ToPolars(idx_t batch_size, bool lazy) {
 	if (!lazy) {
 		auto arrow = ToArrowTableInternal(batch_size, true);
-		return py::cast<PolarsDataFrame>(pybind11::module_::import("polars").attr("DataFrame")(arrow));
+		return py::cast<PolarsDataFrame>(
+		    pybind11::module_::import("polars").attr("from_arrow")(arrow, py::arg("rechunk") = false));
 	}
 	auto &import_cache = *DuckDBPyConnection::ImportCache();
 	auto lazy_frame_produce = import_cache.duckdb.polars_io.duckdb_source();

src/duckdb_py/pyresult.cpp

@@ -496,6 +496,81 @@ duckdb::pyarrow::RecordBatchReader DuckDBPyResult::FetchRecordBatchReader(idx_t
 	return py::cast<duckdb::pyarrow::RecordBatchReader>(record_batch_reader);
 }
 
+// Wraps pre-built Arrow arrays from an ArrowQueryResult into an ArrowArrayStream.
+// This avoids the double-materialization that happens when using ResultArrowArrayStreamWrapper
+// with an ArrowQueryResult (which throws NotImplementedException from FetchInternal).
+struct ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper {
+	ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper(unique_ptr<QueryResult> result_p) : result(std::move(result_p)), index(0) {
+		auto &arrow_result = result->Cast<ArrowQueryResult>();
+		arrays = arrow_result.ConsumeArrays();
+		types = result->types;
+		names = result->names;
+		client_properties = result->client_properties;
+
+		stream.private_data = this;
+		stream.get_schema = GetSchema;
+		stream.get_next = GetNext;
+		stream.release = Release;
+		stream.get_last_error = GetLastError;
+	}
+
+	static int GetSchema(ArrowArrayStream *stream, ArrowSchema *out) {
+		if (!stream->release) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+		auto self = reinterpret_cast<ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper *>(stream->private_data);
+		out->release = nullptr;
+		try {
+			ArrowConverter::ToArrowSchema(out, self->types, self->names, self->client_properties);
+		} catch (std::runtime_error &e) {
+			self->last_error = e.what();
+			return -1;
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	static int GetNext(ArrowArrayStream *stream, ArrowArray *out) {
+		if (!stream->release) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+		auto self = reinterpret_cast<ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper *>(stream->private_data);
+		if (self->index >= self->arrays.size()) {
+			out->release = nullptr;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		*out = self->arrays[self->index]->arrow_array;
+		self->arrays[self->index]->arrow_array.release = nullptr;
+		self->index++;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	static void Release(ArrowArrayStream *stream) {
+		if (!stream || !stream->release) {
+			return;
+		}
+		stream->release = nullptr;
+		delete reinterpret_cast<ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper *>(stream->private_data);
+	}
+
+	static const char *GetLastError(ArrowArrayStream *stream) {
+		if (!stream->release) {
+			return "stream was released";
+		}
+		auto self = reinterpret_cast<ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper *>(stream->private_data);
+		return self->last_error.c_str();
+	}
+
+	ArrowArrayStream stream;
+	unique_ptr<QueryResult> result;
+	vector<unique_ptr<ArrowArrayWrapper>> arrays;
+	vector<LogicalType> types;
+	vector<string> names;
+	ClientProperties client_properties;
+	idx_t index;
+	string last_error;
+};
+
+// Destructor for capsules that own a heap-allocated ArrowArrayStream (slow path).
 static void ArrowArrayStreamPyCapsuleDestructor(PyObject *object) {
 	auto data = PyCapsule_GetPointer(object, "arrow_array_stream");
 	if (!data) {
@@ -508,7 +583,28 @@ static void ArrowArrayStreamPyCapsuleDestructor(PyObject *object) {
 	delete stream;
 }
 
+// Destructor for capsules pointing at an embedded ArrowArrayStream (fast path).
+// The stream is owned by an ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper; Release() frees both.
+static void ArrowArrayStreamEmbeddedPyCapsuleDestructor(PyObject *object) {
+	auto data = PyCapsule_GetPointer(object, "arrow_array_stream");
+	if (!data) {
+		return;
+	}
+	auto stream = reinterpret_cast<ArrowArrayStream *>(data);
+	if (stream->release) {
+		stream->release(stream);
+	}
+}
+
 py::object DuckDBPyResult::FetchArrowCapsule(idx_t rows_per_batch) {
+	if (result && result->type == QueryResultType::ARROW_RESULT) {
+		// Fast path: yield pre-built Arrow arrays directly.
+		// The wrapper is heap-allocated; Release() deletes it via private_data.
+		// The capsule points at the embedded stream field — no separate heap allocation needed.
+		auto wrapper = new ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper(std::move(result));
+		return py::capsule(&wrapper->stream, "arrow_array_stream", ArrowArrayStreamEmbeddedPyCapsuleDestructor);
+	}
+	// Existing slow path for MaterializedQueryResult / StreamQueryResult
 	auto stream_p = FetchArrowArrayStream(rows_per_batch);
 	auto stream = new ArrowArrayStream();
 	*stream = stream_p;

tests/fast/arrow/test_arrow_pycapsule.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import duckdb
 
+pa = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow")
 pl = pytest.importorskip("polars")
 
 
@@ -11,6 +12,73 @@ def polars_supports_capsule():
     return Version(pl.__version__) >= Version("1.4.1")
 
 
+class TestArrowPyCapsuleExport:
+    """Tests for the PyCapsule export path (rel.__arrow_c_stream__).
+
+    Validates that the fast path (PhysicalArrowCollector + ArrowQueryResultStreamWrapper)
+    produces correct data, matching to_arrow_table() across types and edge cases.
+    """
+
+    def test_capsule_matches_to_arrow_table(self):
+        """Fast path produces identical data to to_arrow_table for various types."""
+        conn = duckdb.connect()
+        sql = """
+            SELECT
+                i AS int_col,
+                i::DOUBLE AS double_col,
+                'row_' || i::VARCHAR AS str_col,
+                i % 2 = 0 AS bool_col,
+                CASE WHEN i % 3 = 0 THEN NULL ELSE i END AS nullable_col
+            FROM range(1000) t(i)
+        """
+        expected = conn.sql(sql).to_arrow_table()
+        actual = pa.table(conn.sql(sql))
+        assert actual.equals(expected)
+
+    def test_capsule_matches_to_arrow_table_nested_types(self):
+        """Fast path handles nested types (struct, list, map)."""
+        conn = duckdb.connect()
+        sql = """
+            SELECT
+                {'x': i, 'y': i::VARCHAR} AS struct_col,
+                [i, i+1, i+2] AS list_col,
+                MAP {i::VARCHAR: i*10} AS map_col,
+            FROM range(100) t(i)
+        """
+        expected = conn.sql(sql).to_arrow_table()
+        actual = pa.table(conn.sql(sql))
+        assert actual.equals(expected)
+
+    def test_capsule_multi_batch(self):
+        """Data exceeding the 1M batch size produces multiple batches, all yielded correctly."""
+        conn = duckdb.connect()
+        sql = "SELECT i, i::DOUBLE AS d FROM range(1500000) t(i)"
+        expected = conn.sql(sql).to_arrow_table()
+        actual = pa.table(conn.sql(sql))
+        assert actual.num_rows == 1500000
+        assert actual.equals(expected)
+
+    def test_capsule_empty_result(self):
+        """Empty result set produces a valid empty table with correct schema."""
+        conn = duckdb.connect()
+        sql = "SELECT i AS a, i::VARCHAR AS b FROM range(10) t(i) WHERE i < 0"
+        expected = conn.sql(sql).to_arrow_table()
+        actual = pa.table(conn.sql(sql))
+        assert actual.num_rows == 0
+        assert actual.schema.equals(expected.schema)
+
+    def test_capsule_slow_path_after_execute(self):
+        """Pre-executed relation takes the slow path (MaterializedQueryResult) and still works."""
+        conn = duckdb.connect()
+        sql = "SELECT i, i::DOUBLE AS d FROM range(500) t(i)"
+        expected = conn.sql(sql).to_arrow_table()
+
+        rel = conn.sql(sql)
+        rel.execute()  # forces MaterializedCollector, not PhysicalArrowCollector
+        actual = pa.table(rel)
+        assert actual.equals(expected)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     not polars_supports_capsule(), reason="Polars version does not support the Arrow PyCapsule interface"
 )